The purpose of so it work is to analyze the end result off breed and many years into the eggs production therefore the egg outside and you will interior quality in five Italian twin-objective types , at first and lots of days after than simply very first weeks installing craft one took place, correspondingly, at the conclusion of june/beginning of fall plus cold temperatures, below varying environmental conditions.
2.step one. Animals and Rearing Standards
Four Italian chicken breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you will Robusta Lionata (RL), was indeed believed with the data. You weight off mature ladies is actually step 1.25 kg when you look at the PP, 2.29 kg when you look at the Er and you can step 3.05 kg into the RM and RL. Their resource ‘s the Veneto region (Italy): PP was a vintage regional breed; their origin are dated back into the latest XIX century, but zero real study on the its genetic origin exist. One other types are designed for the Veneto into the 1950s: the newest Emergency room reproduce originates from Sussex (shaded eggshell reproduce) and you will Rhode Island (brownish eggshell breed) types, whereas towards the RM and RL types, Brownish Orpington and you can White The usa, a few brownish eggshell breeds were used . Also the mature body weight, this type of types differ within plumage the colour: it is fantastic for the PP, Er shows erminate plumage, RM plumage try mainly white with black extremities in a lot of countries of one’s human anatomy, black colored feathers away from primaries and you can end and RL shows good tawny plumage having black feathers regarding primaries and end. All the types (Profile S1) show solitary brush and you will lay shaded eggshell egg (Profile S2).
2. Information and methods
Wild birds regarding per breed hatched meanwhile (last half from age farm of your Heart to have Poultry Biodiversity Preservation regarding Veneto area (it consistently offers up the rearing of these types too are you aware that eggs creation to have incubation and you can brooding), in the North Italy (45°02?53? N), out-of hatching to your pubertal decades and you can throughout the putting several months, hence become in the end from june to your start of autumn (Contour step 1), according to the breed. Serving, rearing standards (photoperiod, temperature) and prophylaxis tips were an equivalent toward four types, since regarding hatching to the prevent of studied months, that has been for the , during the 53 months of age. The newest recently hatched chicks was in fact leftover indoors in earliest 4 days out of life, during the a green temperature coming down away from thirty-two so you’re able to 24 °C, less than infra-red light lamps, for the litter. From the step one.5 weeks of age, the newest wild birds got totally free entry to outdoor places, of spring so you can fall and winter. For each breed (60 hens) had 100 % free entry to outdoor (5 yards 2 /bird) room (equipped with linear drinkers), where in actuality the hens existed non-stop, and indoor (cuatro hens/m 2 ) room (timber shavings and you will straw litter, with perches and rounded feeders), mainly utilized to possess putting eggs (cumulative nests) and at nights; the bedroom (interior and you can outdoor) accessible to for every single reproduce are divided from the netting.
At the outset of putting (at about 22 weeks old on the breed that have prior to onset of putting), into the Sep–Oct, depending on the reproduce, the newest photoperiod is actually pure and you will decreasing, according to year additionally the geographic condition of the demonstration route in Northern Italy (typically, 12L:12D), and also for the second period (regarding 38 days of age, regarding December in order to 53 weeks of age), fake white is slowly increased (for the interior room, incandescent light bulb, in the 60 lux) locate a beneficial photoperiod out of 14L:10D. Brand new photoperiod are regulated of the a timekeeper, and it also is accomplished by turning on brand new light one hour before dawn and turning off it an hour once sundown. The latest exterior environment heat was 10 ± step 3.cuatro °C and you may eleven ± step three.0 °C, respectively, toward basic (right away of Oct on end away from November) and also the second (right away from January to the avoid of February) installing episodes, if investigation to your yield overall performance and you will eggs high quality was indeed accumulated. The fresh new pet received advertising libitum commercial feeds according to their physiological phase (three varied industrial feeds during the increasing period). For the earliest laying phase (26–33 days old, below decreasing natural photoperiod), in the event that breeds already been installing, the brand new birds got a commercial pelleted feed (PG = 16%, Me = 11.8 MJ/kilogram, Ca = 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you will maize (PG = nine.1%, Me personally = 13.seven MJ/kg), in the a proportion of 1:1. It’s really worth remembering one, at this age, just the twin-mission and shaded eggshell breeds presented a changeable onset of laying and you may egg production rate, whereas the latest hens of the most other varieties of brand new Preservation Center to own Biodiversity and you can hatched meanwhile of your own learned types, such as the white eggshell types, did not initiate laying (Padovana breed) or they shown an incredibly scant installing interest (Polverara breed), never ever achieving the endurance from ten% hen–time egg creation. The cause of the option of this new Conservation Center, not to ever use a rss for putting hens throughout the this period, is on account of not pushing the brand new pullets in order to eggs manufacturing throughout the a season with coming down heat and photoperiod. New wild birds expanded external, not as much as beneficial standards to have skeletal fitness, travelling soil and you may lower than solar radiation. Throughout the outdoor space for each and every breed, the existence of lawn offered to the fresh birds was higher while in the this new broadening period than just from the start of laying, hence occurred following summer months, if the precipitation are scarce and you can did not support an effective turf regrowth. Of 38 in order to 53 weeks old, and you may lower than broadening photoperiod, the newest hens was basically fed a commercial pelleted feed to own laying (PG = 16%, Me personally = 11.5 MJ/kilogram, California = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). All of the nourishes comprised prova hГ¤r primarily of maize and you can soybean.